The Boer War in South Africa (1899-1902)

From October 11, 1899, until May 31, 1902, the Second Boer War (also known as the South African War and the Anglo-Boer War) was fought in South Africa between the British and the Boers (Dutch settlers in southern Africa). The Boers had founded two independent South African republics (the Orange Free State and the South African Republic) and had a long history of distrust and dislike for the British that surrounded them. After gold was discovered in the South African Republic in 1886, the British wanted the area under their control. In 1899, the conflict between the British and the Boers burgeoned into a full-fledged war that was fought in three stages: a Boer offensive against British command posts and railway lines, a British counteroffensive that brought the two republics under British control, and a Boer guerrilla resistance movement that prompted a widespread scorched-earth campaign by the British and the internment and deaths of thousands of Boer civilians in British concentration camps. The first phase of the war gave the Boers the upper hand over British forces, but the latter two phases eventually brought victory to the British and placed the previously independent Boer territories firmly under British dominion -- leading, eventually, to the complete unification of South Africa as a British colony in 1910. Who Were the Boers? In 1652, the Dutch East India Company established the first staging post at the Cape of Good Hope (the southernmost tip of Africa); this was a place where ships could rest and resupply during the long voyage to the exotic spice markets along India’s western coast. This staging post attracted settlers from Europe for whom life on the continent had become unbearable due to economic difficulties and religious oppression. At the turn of the 18th century, the Cape had become home to settlers from Germany and France; however, it was the Dutch who made up the majority of the settler population. They came to be known as â€Å"Boers†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â€the Dutch word for farmers. As time passed, a number of Boers began migrating to the hinterlands where they believed they would have more autonomy to conduct their daily lives without the heavy regulations imposed on them by the Dutch East India Company. The British Move Into South Africa Britain, who viewed the Cape as an excellent staging post on the route to their colonies in Australia and India, attempted to take control over Cape Town from the Dutch East India Company, which had effectively gone bankrupt.  In 1814, Holland officially handed the colony over to the British Empire. Almost immediately, the British began a campaign to â€Å"Anglicize† the colony. English became the official language, rather than Dutch, and official policy encouraged the immigration of settlers from Great Britain. The issue of slavery became another point of contention. Britain officially abolished the practice in 1834 throughout their empire, which meant that the Cape’s Dutch settlers also had to relinquish their ownership of black slaves. The British did offer compensation to the Dutch settlers for relinquishing their slaves, but this compensation was seen as insufficient and their anger was compounded by the fact that the compensation had to be collected in London, some 6,000 miles away. Boer Independence The tension between Great Britain and South Africa’s Dutch settlers eventually prompted many Boers to move their families further into South Africa’s interior—away from British control—where they could establish an autonomous Boer state. This migration from Cape Town into the South African hinterland from 1835 to the early 1840s came to be known as â€Å"The Great Trek.† (Dutch settlers who remained in Cape Town, and thus under British rule, became known as Afrikaners.) The Boers came to embrace a new-found sense of nationalism and sought to establish themselves as an independent Boer nation, dedicated to Calvinism and a Dutch way of life. By 1852, a settlement was reached between the Boers and the British Empire granting sovereignty to those Boers who had settled beyond the Vaal River in the northeast. The 1852 settlement and another settlement, reached in 1854, brought about the creation of two independent Boer republics—the Transvaal and the Orange Free State. The Boers now had their own home. The First Boer War Despite the Boers’ newly won autonomy, their relationship with the British continued to be tense. The two Boer republics were financially unstable and still relied heavily on British help. The British, conversely, distrusted the Boers—viewing them as quarrelsome and thickheaded. In 1871, the British moved to annex the diamond territory of the Griqua People, which had previously been incorporated by the Orange Free State. Six years later, the British annexed the Transvaal, which was plagued by bankruptcy and endless squabbles with native populations. These moves angered Dutch settlers throughout South Africa. In 1880, after first allowing the British to defeat their common Zulu enemy, the Boers finally rose up in rebellion, taking up arms against the British with the purpose of reclaiming the Transvaal. The crisis is known as the First Boer War. The First Boer War lasted only a few short months, from December 1880 until March 1881. It was a disaster for the British, who had greatly underestimated the military skill and efficiency of the Boer militia units. In the early weeks of the war, a group of less than 160 Boer militiamen attacked a British regiment, killing 200 British soldiers in 15 minutes. In late February 1881, the British lost a total of 280 soldiers at Majuba, while the Boers are said to have suffered only one single casualty. Britain’s Prime Minister William E. Gladstone forged a compromise peace with the Boers that granted the Transvaal self-government while still keeping it as an official colony of Great Britain. The compromise did little to appease the Boers and tension between the two sides continued. In 1884, Transvaal President Paul Kruger successfully renegotiated the original agreement. Although control of foreign treaties remained with Britain, Britain did, however, drop the Transvaal’s official status as a British colony. The Transvaal was then officially renamed the South African Republic. Gold The discovery of roughly 17,000 square miles of gold fields in Witwatersrand in 1886, and the subsequent opening of those fields for public digging would make the Transvaal region the prime destination for gold diggers from all over the globe. The 1886 gold rush not only transformed the poor, agrarian South African Republic into an economic powerhouse, it also caused a great deal of turmoil for the young republic. The Boers were leery of the foreign prospectors—whom they dubbed â€Å"Uitlanders† (â€Å"outlanders†)—pouring into their country from across the world to mine the Witwatersrand fields. Tensions between Boers and Uitlanders eventually prompted Kruger to adopt harsh laws that would limit the general freedoms of the Uitlanders and seek to protect Dutch culture in the region. These included policies to limit access to education and press for Uitlanders, making the Dutch language obligatory, and keeping the Uitlanders disenfranchised. These policies further eroded relations between Great Britain and the Boers as many of those rushing to the gold fields were British sovereigns. Also, the fact that Britain’s Cape Colony had now slipped into the South African Republic’s economic shadow, made Great Britain even more determined to secure its African interests and to bring the Boers to heel.   The Jameson Raid The outrage expressed against Kruger’s harsh immigration policies caused many in the Cape Colony and in Britain itself to anticipate a widespread Uitlander uprising in Johannesburg. Among them was the Cape Colony’s prime minister and diamond magnate Cecil Rhodes. Rhodes was a staunch colonialist and thus believed Britain should acquisition the Boer territories (as well as the gold fields there). Rhodes sought to exploit Uitlander discontent in the Transvaal and pledged to invade the Boer republic in the event of an uprising by Uitlanders. He entrusted 500 Rhodesian (Rhodesia having been named after him) mounted police to his agent, Dr. Leander Jameson. Jameson had express instructions not to enter the Transvaal until an Uitlander uprising was underway. Jameson ignored his instructions and on December 31, 1895, entered the territory only to be captured by Boer militiamen. The event, known as the Jameson Raid, was a debacle and forced Rhodes to resign as the Cape’s prime minister. The Jameson raid only served to increase tension and distrust between the Boers and the British. Kruger’s continued harsh policies against the Uitlanders and his cozy relationship with Britain’s colonial rivals, continued to fuel the empire’s ire towards the Transvaal republic during the waning years of the 1890s. Paul Kruger’s election to a fourth term as president of the South African Republic in 1898, finally convinced Cape politicians that the only way to deal with the Boers would be through the use of force. After several failed attempts at reaching a compromise, the Boers had their fill and by September of 1899 were preparing for full war with the British Empire. That same month the Orange Free State publicly declared its support for Kruger. The Ultimatum On October 9th, Alfred Milner, the governor of the Cape Colony, received a telegram from authorities in the Boer capital of Pretoria. The telegram laid out a point-by-point ultimatum. The ultimatum demanded peaceful arbitration, the removal of British troops along their border, British troop reinforcements be recalled, and that British reinforcements who were coming via ship, not land. The British replied that no such conditions could be met and by the evening of October 11, 1899, Boer forces began crossing over the borders into Cape Province and Natal. The Second Boer War had begun. The Second Boer War Begins: The Boer Offensive Neither the Orange Free State nor the South African Republic commanded large, professional armies. Their forces, instead, consisted of militias called â€Å"commandos† that consisted of â€Å"burghers† (citizens). Any burgher between the ages of 16 and 60 was liable to be called up to serve in a commando and each often brought their own rifles and horses. A commando consisted of anywhere between 200 and 1,000 burghers and was headed by a â€Å"Kommandant† who was elected by the commando itself. Commando members, furthermore, were allowed to sit as equals in general councils of war to which they often brought their own individual ideas about tactics and strategy. The Boers who made up these commandos were excellent shots and horsemen, as they had to learn to survive in a very hostile environment from a very young age. Growing up in the Transvaal meant that one often had protected one’s settlements and herds against lions and other predators.  This made the Boer militias a formidable enemy. The British, on the other hand, were experienced with leading campaigns on the African continent and yet were completely unprepared for a full-scale war. Thinking that this was a mere squabble that would soon be resolved, the British lacked reserves in ammunition and equipment; plus, they had no suitable military maps available for use either.   The Boers took advantage of the British’s ill-preparedness and moved quickly in the early days of the war. Commandos spread out in several directions from the Transvaal and Orange Free State, besieging three railway towns—Mafeking, Kimberley, and Ladysmith—in order to impede the transport of British reinforcements and equipment from the coast. The Boers also won several major battles during the early months of the war. Most notably these were the battles of Magersfontein, Colesberg, and Stormberg, which all occurred during what became known as â€Å"Black Week† between December 10 and 15, 1899. Despite this successful initial offensive, the Boers never sought to occupy any of the British-held territories in South Africa; they focused instead on besieging supply lines and ensuring that the British were too undersupplied and disorganized to launch their own offensive. In the process, the Boers greatly taxed their resources and their failure to push further into British-held territories allowed the British time to resupply their armies from the coast. The British may have faced defeat early on but the tide was about to turn. Phase Two: The British Resurgence By January of 1900, neither the Boers (despite their many victories) nor the British had made much headway. The Boer sieges of strategic British rail lines continued but the Boer militias were rapidly growing weary and low on supplies. The British government decided it was time to gain the upper hand and sent two troop divisions to South Africa, which included volunteers from colonies like Australia and New Zealand. This amounted to roughly 180,000 men—the largest army Britain had ever sent overseas to this point. With these reinforcements, the disparity between the numbers of troops was huge, with 500,000 British soldiers but only 88,000 Boers. By late February, British forces had managed to move up strategic railway lines and finally relieve Kimberley and Ladysmith from Boer besiegement. The Battle of Paardeberg, which lasted nearly ten days, saw a major defeat of Boer forces. Boer general Piet Cronjà © surrendered to the British along with more than 4,000 men. A series of further defeats greatly demoralized the Boers, who were also plagued by starvation and disease brought on by months of sieges with little to no supply relief. Their resistance began to collapse. By March 1900, British forces led by Lord Frederick Roberts had occupied Bloemfontein (the capital of the Orange Free State) and by May and June, they had taken Johannesburg and the South African Republic’s capital, Pretoria. Both republics were annexed by the British Empire. Boer leader Paul Kruger escaped capture and went into exile in Europe, where much of the population’s sympathy lay with the Boer cause. Squabbles erupted within Boer ranks between the bittereinders (â€Å"bitter-enders†) who wanted to keep fighting and those hendsoppers (â€Å"hands-uppers†) who favored surrender.  Many Boer burghers did end up surrendering at this point, but about 20,000 others decided to fight on. The last, and most destructive, phase of the war was about to begin. Despite the British victories, the guerrilla phase would last more than two years. Phase Three: Guerrilla Warfare, Scorched Earth, and Concentration Camps Despite having annexed both Boer republics, the British barely managed to control either one. The guerrilla war that was launched by resistant burghers and led by generals Christiaan de Wet and Jacobus Hercules de la Rey, kept the pressure on British forces throughout the Boer territories. Rebel Boer commandos relentlessly raided British communication lines and army bases with swift, surprise attacks often conducted at night. Rebel commandos had the ability to form on a moment’s notice, conduct their attack and then vanish as if into thin air, confusing British forces who barely knew what had hit them. The British response to the guerrillas was three-fold. Firstly, Lord Horatio Herbert Kitchener, commander of the South African British forces, decided to set up barbed wire and blockhouses along the railway lines to keep the Boers at bay. When this tactic failed, Kitchener decided to adopt a â€Å"scorched earth† policy that systematically sought to destroy food supplies and deprive the rebels of shelter. Whole towns and thousands of farms were plundered and burned; livestock was killed. Lastly, and perhaps most controversially, Kitchener ordered the construction of concentration camps in which thousands of women and children—mostly those left homeless and destitute by his scorched earth policy— were interred.   The concentration camps were severely mismanaged. Food and water were scarce in the camps and starvation and disease caused the deaths of over 20,000. Black Africans were also interred in segregated camps primarily as a source of cheap labor for gold mines. The camps were widely criticized, especially in Europe where British methods in the war were already under heavy scrutiny. Kitchener’s reasoning was that the internment of civilians would not only further deprive the burghers of food, which had been supplied to them by their wives on the homestead, but that it would prompt the Boers to surrender in order to be reunited with their families. Most notable among the critics in Britain was Liberal activist Emily Hobhouse, who worked tirelessly to expose the conditions in the camps to an outraged British public. The revelation of the camp system severely damaged the reputation of Britain’s government and furthered the cause for Boer nationalism abroad.   Peace Nevertheless, the strong-arm tactics of the British against the Boers eventually served their purpose. The Boer militias grew weary of fighting and morale was breaking down. The British had offered peace terms in March of 1902, but to no avail. By May of that year, however, Boer leaders finally accepted peace conditions and signed the Treaty of Vereenigingon May 31, 1902. The treaty officially ended the independence of both the South African Republic and the Orange Free State and placed both territories under British army administration. The treaty also called for the immediate disarmament of the burghers and included a provision for funds to be made available for the reconstruction of the Transvaal. The Second Boer War had come to an end and eight years later, in 1910, South Africa was united under British dominion and became the Union of South Africa.

Diabetes Is An All Inclusive Sugar Problem - 1550 Words

When one hears the term diabetic or diabetes, most people not associated with the medical field think of only one type or that diabetes is an all inclusive sugar problem. The reality of diabetes mellitus is both complicated and simple at the same time. There are two types of the disease that will usually cause either low blood sugar or high blood sugar: type 1 (juvenile-onset), and type 2 (adult-onset). The root issue with both is actually an insulin production problem. Type 1 is called insulin-dependent diabetes and it’s on set is usually in childhood. Type 2 is called non-insulin dependent diabetes, and it’s onset is typically later in life. Both types of diabetes can increase a person s risk for serious health complications.†¦show more content†¦As previously mentioned, symptoms for both type 1 and type 2 diabetes differ so the prehospital care will differ as well. We ll start with the most common form of diabetes: Type 2. According to the CDC, type 2 diabetes is responsible for 95% of all diabetic cases in the US. Although it is the most common, it is also the least understood as far as cause or how it s inherited. The pathophysiology behind it is, unlike people with type 1 diabetes, the bodies of people with type 2 diabetes are able to make insulin. But either their pancreas does not make enough insulin or the body cannot use the insulin well enough. When there isn t enough insulin or the insulin is not used properly, glucose can t get into the body s cells. When glucose builds up in the blood instead of going into cells, the body s cells are not able to function as they should. Though signs and symptoms sometimes differ from patient to patient, common problems associated with the buildup of glucose in the blood include hypertension, dyslipidemia, inflammation, hypercoagulation, and endothelial- cell dysfunction. Some of the life threatening disorders include, but are not limited to the following: Damage to the body. Over time, the high glucose levels in the blood can damage the nerves and small blood vessels of the eyes, kidneys, and heart and lead to atherosclerosis, or hardening of the arteries that can cause heart attack and stroke. Dehydration. The buildup of sugar

Former Smokers And Non Smokers Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

Smoking surcease or baccy surcease can be defined as wide scope of enterprises that assist current tobacco users to decrease their smoke wont ( Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids, 2001 ) . However, in another context, smoking surcease is defined as assortment types of aid and intervention that can be offered by wellness practicians including doctor and druggist straight to tobacco users in order to help them to discontinue or cut down smoke ( Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids, 2001 ) . In Malaysia, there are a broad scope of smoking surcease aid provided such as pharmacotherapy like Nicotine Replacement Therapy ( NRT ) and bupropion, quit smoke clinic in which about 300 quit clinics can be available about in every territory in Malaysia, infoline, quitline and educational stuff such as posting, booklet and brochure ( Samsudin et al. We will write a custom essay sample on Former Smokers And Non Smokers Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now , 2008 ) . Many smoking surcease programmes, schemes and runs were conducted in this state in order to increase people knowledge on bad hazards of smoke and to inform them assorted sorts of aids available to assist them cut down smoking wellness hazards and to halt smoke. However, to guarantee effectivity, we have to supervise their cognition whether they are better informed and understand or non. Some people may hold incorrect information on this. Some may hold the cognition, but they do non transform it into belief. Some did non have information on this. Therefore, this could be a barrier for them to discontinue smoke or to cut down smoking wellness hazards. Although there are many smoking surcease schemes and programmes held in this state, there are still a batch of people that have information missing sing the bad hazards of smoke and smoke surcease available in Malaysia. However, there are some people that think that they have adequately informed about smoke, but many of them, really have a incorrect information or misperception on this. For illustration, some tobacco users have misperception that nicotine is the primary cause of tobacco-related wellness job. As a effect, this misperception on nicotine may do them to afraid in sing the use of nicotine replacing therapy in discontinuing smoke. 1.2 Aims The chief aims of this research are to find the differences in the degree of cognition between current tobacco users, former tobacco users and non-smokers in Universiti Teknologi Mara ( UiTM ) Puncak Alam and Shah Alam on smoking wellness hazard and smoking surcease aid available in Malaysia, to find the relationship among demographic and smoke position variables and the different cognition indices and to find the relationship among different degree of dependence of current tobacco users and the different cognition indices. 1.3 Significance The consequence of this survey will help the effectiveness attack of the current smoke surcease schemes and programmes held by authorities and non-government establishment to increase cognition and to supply more information on the jeopardies of smoke and smoke surcease aid available in Malaysia. 1.4 Hypothesis There are significance differences in the degree of cognition on smoking wellness hazards and smoking surcease between current tobacco users, former tobacco users and non tobacco users and besides between different demographics, smoking position and degree of dependence of current tobacco users. Former tobacco users and current tobacco users that believe will halt smoke following twelvemonth, that of all time use any of the smoke surcease aid and that have low degree of nicotine dependence will be more knowing on the wellness hazards of smoke and smoke surcease aid provided in Malaysia. Chapter TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Prevalence of smoke Presently, approximately 1.3 billion people smoke and more than five million people die globally as a consequence of smoke every twelvemonth ( Jilan et al. , 2010 ) . In the bulk of high-income states, there is a important decrease in baccy ingestion ( Disease Control Division, 2003 ) . For illustration, the prevalence of smoke among Americans in the United States of America had reduced from 40 per centum in 1964 to 23 per centum in 1997 ( Disease Control Division, 2003 ) . However, in developing states including Malaysia, there is contrast prevalence with high-income states in which there is an addition in baccy ingestion ( Disease Control Division, 2003 ) . In Malaysia, there is an addition in the prevalence of smoke among grownups aged 15 old ages and above from 21 per centum in 1985 to 31 per centum in 2000 ( Disease Control Division, 2003 ) . Current tobacco users constitute five per centum of all grownup females and 49 per centum of all grownup males ( Disease Control Division, 2003 ) . As the population grows, the prevalence of tobacco users will go on to increase ( Disease Control Division, 2003 ) . In Malaysia, there are about five million tobacco users in which each of them is utilizing an norm of 14 coffin nails daily ( Disease Control Division, 2003 ) . From this prevalence, 90 per centum comprise of male ( Disease Control Division, 2003 ) . Whereas, the prevalence of smoke among adults age 18 and above in Malaysia that is obtained from three National Health and Morbidity studies which have been conducted since 1986 were more than 20 per centum, 21.5 per centum in 1986, 24.8 per centum in 1996 and 22.8 per centum in 2006 ( Lim et al.,2009 ) . In China, there are more than 70 per centum of all Chinese, or more than 600 million Chinese people are often exposed to secondhand fume or inactive fume ( Jilan et al. , 2010 ) . 2.2 Chemicals Contained in Cigarette Cigarettes are the simply marketed consumable merchandise in which when it is used as intended, it may take to the decease of half or more of its users ( Corelli A ; Hudmon, 2009 ) . Harmonizing to Corelli A ; Hudmon ( 2009 ) , coffin nails are carefully engineered preparations that optimize the nicotine bringing, in which nicotine is a chemical that meets the feature for an habit-forming substance. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are identified to show in big sums in baccy fume and are accountable for most drug interactions with smoke ( Corelli A ; Hudmon, 2009 ) . Other substances in baccy fume such as pyridines, benzine, propanone, nicotine, heavy metals and C monoxide might look to hold less important effects to interact with hepatic enzymes ( Corelli A ; Hudmon, 2009 ) . 2.3 Pathophysiology Tobacco smoke is accountable for about 80 per centum of lung malignant neoplastic disease instances ( Wells et al. , 2009 ) . Exposure to environmental baccy fume is the most common etiology that can take to Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ( Wells et al. , 2009 ) . Inhalation of harmful atoms and gases into the human organic structure may trip the activation of macrophages, neutrophils and CD8+ lymph cells ( Wells et al. , 2009 ) . As a consequence of this activation, a assortment of chemical go-betweens such as leukotriene B4, tumour mortification factor-I ± and interleukin-8 are released and eventually, lead to widespread destructive changes in the air passages, lung parenchyma and besides pneumonic vasculature ( Wells et al. , 2009 ) . In add-on, oxidant gases and other substances in the coffin nail fume are believed to excite a hypercoaguble province identified by elevated thrombocyte collection and thrombosis, taking to elevated hazard of myocardial infarction and sudden decease ( Corelli A ; Hudmon, 2009 ) . Whereas, the C monoxide in contained in coffin nail fume decreases the measure of O available to weave and organ including myocardial tissue, therefore diminishing the threshold of ventricular fibrillation ( Corelli A ; Hudmon, 2009 ) . It could besides rush coronary artery disease through its effects on serum lipoids, as a consequence, tobacco users have a inclination toward higher degrees of entire cholesterin, triglycerides, LDL-C and lower HDL-C compared to nonsmokers ( Corelli A ; Hudmon, 2009 ) . The increased degrees of inflammatory go-betweens caused by smoke may besides lend to atherosclerosis ( Corelli A ; Hudmon, 2009 ) . Whereas, the initiation of neurotransmitters release including adrenaline and noradrenaline caused by smoke may heighten myocardial work load and trigger coronary vasoconstriction that can take to arrhythmias, ischaemia and sudden decease ( Corelli A ; Hudmon, 2009 ) . Addiction of nicotine is one signifier of chronic encephalon unwellness that consequences from alterations in encephalon chemical science ( Corelli A ; Hudmon, 2009 ) . The rapid soaking up of nicotine contained in baccy merchandises and their transition across the blood-brain barrier contributes to its habit-forming nature ( Corelli A ; Hudmon, 2009 ) . Nicotine can make the encephalon merely within seconds by inspiration of coffin nail fume ( Corelli A ; Hudmon, 2009 ) . After being absorbed, nicotine stimulates a widespread of cardinal nervous system, cardiovascular and metabolic effects and induces several neurotransmitters release such as Dopastat, hence stimulates the immediate feelings of pleasance, together with alleviation of the nicotine backdown symptoms ( Corelli A ; Hudmon, 2009 ) . The celerity of this dose response reinforces repeated drug disposal and perpetuates the smoke behaviour ( Corelli A ; Hudmon, 2009 ) . Chronic nicotine disposal has been proven to ensue in a higher sum of nicotine receptors in specific compartment in the encephalon and this is believed to qualify upregulation in response to nicotine-mediated desensitisation of the receptors and it play a undertaking in tolerance and dependance of nicotine ( Corelli A ; Hudmon, 2009 ) . Unusually, the tobacco user experiences marked pharmacologic effects, particularly arousal, after smoking the first coffin nail of the twenty-four hours ( Corelli A ; Hudmon, 2009 ) . There are no other coffin nails throughout the twenty-four hours that will bring forth the similar grade of rousing ( Corelli A ; Hudmon, 2009 ) . Because of this, many tobacco users express the first coffin nail as the most important one of the twenty-four hours ( Corelli A ; Hudmon, 2009 ) . 2.4 Hazards and Effectss of Smoking on Health In Malaysia, smoke is responsible for one out of every five deceases that occur in this state ( Disease Control Division, 2003 ) . Consistent and convincing grounds associating the usage of baccy with several of serious cardiovascular, neoplastic and pneumonic diseases has been provided by many cohort surveies, case-control surveies, and other informations beginnings ( Disease Control Division, 2003 ) . Smoke is recognized to rush the coronary artery disease procedure, which will contributes to the chronic cardiovascular disease such as congestive bosom failure, coronary bosom disease, aortal aneurism, and cerebrovascular disease ( Corelli A ; Hudmon, 2009 ) . By smoking, it may besides increases the hazard for developing acute cardiovascular events such as shot, sudden decease and myocardial infarction ( Corelli A ; Hudmon, 2009 ) . In United States, lung malignant neoplastic disease is the taking cause of cancer-related mortality for both sexes ( Corelli A ; Hudmon, 2009 ) . Sec ondhand smoke or inactive fume exposure may besides lend to several diseases among nonsmoking kids and grownups ( Corelli A ; Hudmon, 2009 ) . Pregnant adult females are besides vulnerable to smoking wellness hazard. Exposure to nicotine contained in the coffin nail fume can take to increase of ectopic gestation, low birth weight, increased hazard of self-generated abortion, and sweetening in perinatal mortality, aortal blood flow and bosom rate and decreased uterine blood flow and external respiration have been reported in the foetus ( Lacy et al. , 2010 ) . Prenatal smoke is responsible for about 18 per centum of instances of low birth weight and moreover, it can besides heighten hazard of respiratory distress syndrome, premature bringing and sudden baby decease syndrome ( Disease Control Division, 2003 ) . The most strongly documented inauspicious consequence of smoking during gestation is intrauterine growing deceleration ( Disease Control Division, 2003 ) . In patients with lung, caput and cervix malignant neoplastic disease, which are successfully treated, but continue to smoke, hold a higher hazard for 2nd malignant neoplastic disease ( Disease Control Division, 2003 ) . 2.5 Smoking surcease aids and intercession In order to diminish mortality and morbidity associated with tobacco-related diseases, smoking surcease intercession is an of import component of an overall baccy control plan ( Disease Control Division, 2003 ) . Harmonizing to Disease Control Division ( 2003 ) , there are two classs of clinical intercession for individual that willing to discontinue smoke which are brief clinical intercession and intensive clinical intercession. The first one, which is brief intercession can be subdivided into pharmacological, non-pharmacological or combination of several agents ( Disease Control Division, 2003 ) . For non-pharmacological intercession, it consists of five major stairss which are called the â€Å" 5A ‘s † which are ask, advice, buttocks, aid and arrange ( Disease Control Division, 2003 ) . For pharmacological intercession, it consists of several agents that have been proved to be effectual and have been suggested as first line agents for pharmacotherapy including nicotin e replacing therapy ( NRT ) such as nicotine gum, nicotine spot and nicotine inhalator and besides sustained release ( SR ) bupropion ( Disease Control Division, 2003 ) . In intensive clinical intercessions, the continuance of single intervention Sessionss and the sum of intervention Sessionss are increasing and there are specialised behavioral therapies ( Disease Control Division, 2003 ) . The behavioral therapy can be categorized into practical guidance such as stress direction, intra-treatment and extra-treatment societal support ( Disease Control Division, 2003 ) . It is said that this type of intercession is more efficient than brief intercession ( Disease Control Division, 2003 ) . For kids and striplings, it is shown that reding and behavioral therapies are more effectual and recommended for them ( Disease Control Division, 2003 ) . Whereas, for grownups ages 50 and older, reding intercessions, physician advice, telephone guidance and the nicotine spot are shown to be effectual ( Disease Control Division, 2003 ) . Many tobacco users are sing a trouble in discontinuing smoke due to the presence of nicotine backdown symptoms following disconnected surcease of baccy usage ( Bansal et al. , 2004 ) . Nicotine replacing medicines including nicotine spot, inhalator, lozenges, gum, and nasal spray have been shown to relieve backdown symptoms during first phases of smoking surcease and they improves discontinuing rates in clinical tests ( Bansal et al. , 2004 ) . The short-run use of nicotine that contained in the nicotine replacing therapy presents really little hazards compared with possible jeopardies of continued smoke, even in individuals with bosom disease ( Mooney, Leventhal A ; Hatsukami, 2006 ) . Therefore, tobacco users should non worry to utilize the nicotine replacing therapy to discontinue smoke. However, for pregnant adult females, the usage of nicotine replacing medicines to help them in quit smoke has non been sufficiently studied ( Lacy et al. , 2010 ) . Therefore, nonpharmacologic interventions are more recommended for them in quit smoke ( Lacy et al. , 2010 ) . 2.5.1 Mechanism of Action of Nicotine Replacement Merchandises Basically, nicotine is a naturally-occuring alkaloid that exhibits their major effects through stimulation of ganglia ( Lacy et al. , 2010 ) . It is a powerful stimulation of ganglionic and cardinal nervous system through nicotine-specific receptors ( Lacy et al. , 2010 ) . Biphasic actions are observed depend on the dosage of nicotine administered ( Lacy et al. , 2010 ) . In little doses of nicotine, the primary consequence of nicotine is stimulation of all autonomic ganglia, whereas, in larger doses of nicotine, initial stimulation is followed by transmittal encirclement ( Lacy et al. , 2010 ) . Biphasic effects are besides proved in the adrenal myelin, in which in little doses, it may do a catecholamines release, and oppositely in big doses, it may suppress the release of catecholamines as a response to splanchnic nervus stimulation ( Lacy et al. , 2010 ) . Central nervous system stimulation is illustrated by shudders and respiratory excitement, but in larger doses, paroxysms and respiratory failure may happen which are secondary to cardinal palsy and peripheral encirclement to respiratory musculuss ( Lacy et al. , 2010 ) . Nicotine Replacement Products enhances success for smoking surcease by diminishing the physical backdown symptoms related with smoking surcease while the tobacco users focuses on seting their behaviour and managing with the psychological facet of discontinuing ( Corelli A ; Hudmon, 2009 ) . Furthermore, because the oncoming of action for this medicines is non every bit fast as that of nicotine contained in coffin nail, smokers become less accustomed to the blink of an eye and reenforcing effects of inhaled baccy ( Corelli A ; Hudmon, 2009 ) . 2.6 People ‘s cognition on smoking wellness hazards Harmonizing to Disease Control Division ( 2003 ) , one of the grounds for a individual unwilling to do a quit effort is because of information missing sing the harmful effects of baccy. Whereas, the comparative deficiency of attempt to better Tell and educate tobacco users sing the merchandises that they use is partially the consequence of common premise that tobacco users are already better informed about the smoke wellness hazard ( Cummings et al. , 2004 ) . It does non intend that people are adequately informed about smoke in manner that may impact their smoke behaviour if they merely have general consciousness of smoking wellness hazard ( Cummings et al. , 2004 ) . Even though sweetening in perceptual experience of hazard are non invariably adequate to diminish smoking on their ain, betterment in wellness cognition are greatly related with decreases in smoking induction, sweetening in discontinuing behaviour and long-run abstention from smoking ( Jilan et al. , 2010 ) . However, harmonizing to Poureslami ( 2003 ) , being knowing about smoking ‘s bad consequence on wellness is deficient to advance behavior alterations. His survey shown that belief and alteration in attitude are needed to optimise behaviour and to promote healthy life style ( Poureslami, 2003 ) . In the survey of Wang A ; Annette ( as cited in Jilan et al. , 2010 ) , they conducted a survey among industrial workers in Shanghai and revealed that merely 53 per centum of tobacco users and 76 per centum of non-smokers were recognize that smoke can be harmful to wellness, and merely 51 per centum of tobacco users reported that smoke can take to lung malignant neoplastic disease. In the survey of Taylor et Al. ( as cited in Lim et al. , 2009 ) , they found that tobacco users particularly heavy tobacco users have a positive attitude toward smoking when compared to formers and non tobacco users. In a survey conducted by Lim et Al. ( 2009 ) , they had conducted a survey to happen out the degree of cognition and to understand respondents ‘ attitude towards smoke and besides to happen out how sociodemographic background, smoking position and smoke wellness hazard can impact respondents ‘ attitudes toward smoking. From their survey, they found that cognition and attitude differ based on position of smoke and tobacco users possess a low degree of cognition and they have more positive attitudes compared with non-smokers ( Lim et al. , 2009 ) . Besides that, they were besides found that degree of instruction was greatly associated with cognition and attitude tonss ( Lim et al. , 2009 ) . The most surprising informations found was female respondents whose cognition ‘s degree on jeopardies of smoke is low ; nevertheless, they show more negative attitudes towards smoking in comparing with males respondents ( Lim et al. , 2009 ) . In the survey conducted by Cummings et Al. ( 2004 ) , they were evaluated on the tobacco users ‘ belief on smoking wellness hazard and the advantages of smoke filtered and low-tar coffin nails, and besides tobacco user ‘s consciousness and involvement in seeking alleged reduced hazard baccy merchandises and nicotine medicines. They stated that when they asked the respondent whether they consider themselves to be better informed sing the smoke wellness hazard, 94 per centum of them answered it confidently ( Cummings et al. , 2004 ) . However, from the cognition indices in which each respondent was assessed their degree of cognition by giving a mark for the right responses, 39 per centum of them either answered falsely or responded â€Å" make non cognize † to the inquiries sing smoking wellness hazard ( Cummings et al. , 2004 ) . These consequence shows that some of the respondents think they are better informed but really, there is much information that they did no n cognize sing the smoke wellness hazard. Besides that, the writers besides found that tobacco users who believed they will discontinue smoke in the following twelvemonth were more knowing about smoke, whereas tobacco users who believed that they will discontinue smoke before sing serious wellness jobs were less knowing about smoke ( Cummings et al. , 2004 ) . In the survey conducted by Jilan et Al. ( 2010 ) , in which the writers where assessed fluctuations between the wellness cognition of current, former and ne’er tobacco users on smoke and the consequence of wellness cognition consciousness on tobacco users ‘ purpose to halt smoke, they found that current tobacco users in China were less likely to admit the wellness consequence of smoke compared to former and non tobacco users. They besides found that current tobacco users who had consciousness of wellness consequence of smoking were more prone to hold purpose to halt smoke ( Jilan et al. , 2010 ) . 2.7 People ‘s cognition of smoking surcease aids Some of the tobacco users have a uncertainty sing the effectivity of nicotine replacing therapy and they believe that discontinuing on their ain, without aids such as guidance and medicine, is every bit or much more effectual than assisted surcease ( Mooney, Leventhal A ; Hatsukami, 2006 ) . They have misinformation and deficiency of information sing the smoke surcease assistances particularly approximately nicotine replacing therapy. Besides that, some of tobacco users have misperception that nicotine is a primary cause of tobacco-related wellness job ( Mooney, Leventhal A ; Hatsukami, 2006 ) . Therefore, this lead to a uncertainty among tobacco users to utilize nicotine replacing therapy to assist them in smoking surcease. Harmonizing to Bansal et Al. ( 2004 ) , they besides stated that misperceptions on the nicotine ‘s wellness hazard and safety and effectivity of nicotine replacing therapy may do some tobacco users afraid and concerns to sing the usage of these medicines to help them in smoking surcease. Harmonizing to Bansal et Al. ( 2004 ) , in order to increase cognition sing on safety and efficaciousness of nicotine medicines, loath tobacco users should be offered a opportunity to seek nicotine medicines on a test footing, in which finally enhance usage of these medicines for smoking surcease. Unfortunately, the writers stated that cognition of nicotine wellness hazard and how the medicines work, even among those who had antecedently used nicotine medicines, was still deficient ( Bansal et al. , 2004 ) . Harmonizing to the survey by Cummings et Al. ( 2004 ) , 56 per centum of respondents either answered falsely or responded â€Å" make non cognize † sing the cognition on nicotine medicines. The writers besides revealed that a individual with past experience of utilizing nicotine medicines prone to be more knowing sing the safety and efficaciousness of these merchandises ( Cummings et al. , 2004 ) . Harmonizing to the survey by Mooney, Leventhal A ; Hatsukami ( 2006 ) , tobacco users with more terrible dependance which perceived larger demand for intervention of smoking surcease yet had lower accurate cognition sing the disease-causing function of nicotine. The survey besides found that participants who had stop smoke antecedently for a longer continuance of clip had a more favourable position of smoking surcease intervention and nicotine replacing therapy ( Mooney, Leventhal A ; Hatsukami, 2006 ) . In the survey of Etter A ; Perneger ( as cited in Bansal et al. , 2004 ) , a survey on about 500 tobacco users and former tobacco users was conducted in order to place their attitudes toward the usage of nicotine medicines. From this survey, they found that many tobacco users were worried to utilize nicotine medicines due to safety concern ( Bansal et al. , 2004 ) . From this survey, merely 16 per centum of them were agreed that nicotine medicines assist people in smoking surcease ( Bansal et al. , 2004 ) . Besides that, the survey besides revealed that those who had antecedently used nicotine medicines and those most interested to discontinue smoke in the hereafter have the highest cognition on nicotine medicines ( Bansal et al. , 2004 ) . Chapter 3 Methodology 3.1 Introduction In planing a cross sectional study on cognition of current tobacco users, former tobacco users and non tobacco users on smoking wellness hazards and smoking surcease, few sets of validated questionnaires had been adopted, modified and being distributed to respondents in two selected locations which are UiTM in Puncak Alam and Shah Alam. 3.2 Instrument Partially of the questionnaires was adopted from validated questionnaire in a survey entitled Are tobacco users adequately informed about the wellness hazards of smoke and medicative nicotine by Cummings et Al. ( 2004 ) . Besides that a validated questionnaire was besides adapted from a survey entitled Smoking and Nurses in New Zealand. ASH-KAN Aotearoa: Appraisal of smoking history, cognition and attitudes of nurses in New Zealand by Wong et Al. ( 2007 ) and besides a validated questionnaire from a Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence by Heatherton et Al. ( 1991 ) . Some alterations had been done harmonizing to the suitableness of the subject, aim of the survey and smoke position. The questionnaire consists of four parts which cover demographic informations, smoke position, degree of nicotine dependance and cognition index. Knowledge index is divided into several countries which are smoking wellness hazards, content of coffin nail fume, safety of nicotine, low-tar and filter coffin nails, additives contained in coffin nails and nicotine medicines. The four chief subdivisions had been chosen to be included into the questionnaires in order to carry through the aims of the survey as stated earlier. Table 3.1 Description of each portion in the questionnaire Part Description A Demographic informations Bacillus Smoking position C Degree of nicotine dependance Calciferol Knowledge index The respondents ‘ cognition on several countries will be measuring utilizing multiple pick inquiries or near complete inquiries. Mostly of the inquiries in the questionnaire will be done utilizing multiple pick inquiries or stopping point ended inquiry in order to do respondents easier to reply the inquiries in the questionnaire. In the cognition indices, respondents have to take merely one correct reply for each statement. In the portion B and C of the questionnaire, merely current tobacco users have to reply it whereas in the portion A and D, all respondents are required to carry through the reply. 3.3 Sample of survey A convenient sampling will be conducted where it involved any of the pupils in UiTM Shah Alam and Puncak Alam Campus. The sample size intended for this survey is about 600 samples where 300 samples are from Shah Alam Campus and another 300 samples from Puncak Alam Campus. 3.4 Standards Further divided into following group: 3.4.1 Inclusion standards 1. Students who are a current tobacco users. 2. Students who are a former or an ex- tobacco users. 3. Students who are make non smoke at all or none tobacco users. 3.4.2 Exclusion standards 1. Students who have household members or friends who are working in a nicotine replacing drug companies or baccy companies. 3.5 Data Collection Data will be collected from two selected UiTM campuses which are UiTM Shah Alam at Shah Alam, Selangor and UiTM Puncak Alam at Kuala Selangor, Selangor. The questionnaires will be distributed every bit in both campuses. All the respondents will be asked to finish the questionnaire and engagement will be voluntary. All respondents will be given a sufficient clip to reply every inquiry in the questionnaire. A pilot survey among friends will be done prior to questionnaire distribution. 3.6 Data processing and statistical analysis In the portion C of the questionnaire, the degree of current tobacco users ‘ dependence to nicotine will be define by hiting the responses given to each inquiry based on the marking that had been assigned in the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence. In the portion D of the questionnaire, the cognition index for a each capable country will be define by hiting the responses given to each statement on that topic as either correct or incorrect or make non cognize and so ciphering the amount of right responses for all inquiries assigned to the index. Descriptive statistics, for cases such as simple per centum and agencies, will be used to mensurate the cognition of respondents on smoking wellness hazards and smoking surcease aids available in Malaysia. The independent t-test and analysis of discrepancy ( ANOVA ) will be executing to find the difference in cognition tonss between different groups. A additive arrested development analyses will be utilizing to find the relationship among demographic, smoking position and degree of dependence with the different cognition indices. All statistical trials will be done utilizing SPSS package version 17.0. Microsoft Office that will be used is Microsoft Excel. How to cite Former Smokers And Non Smokers Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Interpersonal Communication Competence and Contexts

Question: Discuss about the Interpersonal Communication for Competence and Contexts. Answer: Introduction This main objective of this report is to conduct a study on self-reflection to understand personal capability. In order to identify and understand personal capability, some reflective analysis tools are used. After using those analysis tools it was seen that some areas require serious improvements (Amati Hannawa, 2014). Therefore, in this report a discussion is also added based on the steps that must be undertaken for enhancing the drawbacks that exist in the interaction method. A literature review is also added in this report that contains concepts and models related to those issues of communication that are identified. Diagnosis and Reflection: Diagnostic tools that are used in order to carry out the self evaluation are Johari Window test, Assertiveness Questionnaire, Emotional Intelligence test, Quinn Management Questionnaire and Communication style Questionnaire. The connection between an individual and others was identified by using the Johari Window test (Arnold Boggs, 2015). Johari Widow Test helped me to know that I belong from an open arena where I have ample amount of knowledge about other people who are either living with me or associated with me. On the other hand, Communication Style Questionnaire helped to figure out that I am comfortable while communicating with people, even if the topic is something that I do not like. I do not become angry easily and I always try to agree with others which show that I value opinion of others. Besides, it also shows that I am a good listener and never hurt anyones feelings by using harsh words. However, it is also true that I feel guilty when I am surrounded by several types of issues and problems. From this test, I was able to find out a negative point about myself. If was found that I cannot maintain eye contact with other people while communicating with them. Another assessment tool that was used was the Self Assessment assertiveness questionnaire. This questionnaire has helped me to evaluate my attitude with others. After analyzing the results I got from this analysis I understood that I am determined towards my work and I am able to take decisions as per the demand of the situation. I always ask for opinions from others as I believe any individual can offer better ideas that can provide competitive edge in todays market place. Therefore, I always put more focus on perspective of others. Quinn Management Test was conducted to understand my competences along with how I can apply particular things in real life that can enhance my communication capability (Baxter Norwood, 2015). From this test, I could understand leadership and managerial values that I have in me. This test identified that perspectives and opinions of others are immensely valued by me and I always put more emphasis on accomplishing a collective result by gathering point of view of others. Professional Experience: In order to find out two major issues in my communication style, I would like to share a small incident that took place few days ago. Some days ago, I went to a well-renowned multinational organization for interview purpose. In the interview process, everything was smooth until I was called for face-to-face interview method. As it was a multinational company, where the main focus is to develop a diverse workplace, all the interviewers were from different backgrounds. As a result, I had some serious issues while understanding the accent of them. Besides, I also had problems because of different communication styles which are direct communication and indirect communication. As per Australian culture we are habituated to direct communication. On the other hand, Japanese, Chinese, Indian and Saudi Arabian people prefer indirect communication styles. Two of the interviewers were from India and other one was from India. I was saying a direct No or I dont know to show an honest and respectf ul side of mine; however the interviewers were considering it as impolite and crude behavior. I had no idea how to communicate through indirect communication style. From the evaluation that was done using five diagnostic tools and professional experience, I could figure out two major communication issues that I have. Those issues are hereby discussed below. Discussion of Results: After thorough analysis of my professional capacities, I was able to comprehend the results of my tests more clearly. First of all, I got to know that I am comfortable while communicating with people, even if the topic is something that I do not like. I do not become angry easily and I always try to agree with others which show that I value opinion of others. However, I do not possess a strong grip over cross-cultural communication and as a result I do encounter serious issues while understanding the accent of foreign employees or managers. Besides, I also had problems because of different communication styles which are direct communication and indirect communication. As per Australian culture we are habituated to direct communication. On the other hand, Japanese, Chinese, Indian and Saudi Arabian people prefer indirect communication styles. Hence, it is evident that I do lack a clear and through understanding of the linguistic and cultural differences existing in the overseas market , which makes me unsuitable a candidate to work abroad. Needless to say that I do not have a strong grip over the accent of foreign languages and my accent is quite different from the traditionally accepted accents of the foreign languages. Besides, I need to develop my awareness regarding the behavioral traits and cultural patterns as well as the professional ethics expected in the foreign nations. Despite possessing some of the most interesting traits of a leader, I believe that I am incompetent to work in a diverse workplace as of now. Identification of Two Communication Areas Seeking Improvement: I realized that interaction style in Western cultures, from where I belong is more direct where the meaning is seemingly obvious. However, other cultures tend to be more discrete in the way their present their message (Berwick Chomsky, 2015). As a result, a communication between a Westerner and a non-Westerner can result in confusion. Exactly the same thing happened in the interview that I talked about earlier. It is true that how workers of different cultures respond to one another is a major determining factor towards the cohesiveness of an organization. In western culture the question can be Is option A or option B more efficient? where in a culture that is non-Western employees may need to entail or suggest a specific option without describing it directly (Brannen, 2014). Therefore, it is important for me to learn to communicate in an indirect manner. After my interview, it was clear to me that another problem that I will face while working in a multinational organization is language barrier that includes accept and fluency (Danziger, 2013). It is obvious that in a multinational organization, lots of employees will work who are from different country, background and ethnicity. Therefore, the chances are high that I will have critical problems while communicating with them. It is evident that such communication will raise confusion between my colleagues and me that I turn can hamper the work that we do. On the other hand, using wrong words and pronunciation can also cause frustration or interpersonal conflicts. Besides, this problem related to language can also cause problems at the time of meeting or one-to-one sessions (Dragojevic Giles, 2014). It is possible that people of higher management do not belong from Australia. Therefore, while communicating with them, I might say something that is relevant from my side but is not from their point of view. Therefore, it is necessary for me to improve my cross-cultural communication skills to survive in multinational companies. Apart from the problem of cross-linguistic problem of communication discussed above, I also realized that I am not good in interacting with clients and subordinates while I have to communicate an important strategy to them. I usually am a withdrawn person, and hence I do lack the confident and assertive style of communication needed to exercise authority over my subordinates. Cross-Cultural Communication According to Harzing Pudelko (2014), all types of communications can be called as cultural as it draws on ways we have taught to speak and give non-verbal messages. In terms of cross-cultural communication, it is outlined and demonstrated by examples of ideas, attitudes, and behaviors involving four variables which are time/space, fate/individual responsibility, face/face-saving and non verbal communication. Time and Space: Time is known as the most central different that separate cultures and cultural paths of doing things (Hybels, 2014). In Western culture, time is seen as quantitative object that is measured in units that reflect the march of progression. There, time is logical and sequential. On the other hand, in the East, time is seen like it has unlimited continuity. The best place to understand the Eastern idea of time is India. There time is seen as moving continually via several cycles. There time stretches far ahead of the human ego or lifetime. It is another important variable that is affecting communication across different cultures. It means to the degree to which the people feel themselves the masters of their lives, versus the degree to which people see themselves as subject to things that are outside of their control. As mentioned by Lane, (2016), this variable is extremely important to understand cultural conflicts in workplaces. In this expensive landscape, it is seen that a lot of people row up with a major sense of life where ideas are big and hope stays for eternity (Bochner, 2013). These people, when face setbacks, encourage themselves to redouble their efforts. They try again and again until they gain success. Face is also an important part across cultures, yet the dynamics of face and face saving play out separately. Face is described dissimilarly in the cross-cultural communication literature. As mentioned by Asante et al., (2013), the beginning points of individualism and communitarianism are closely connected to face. If someone sees himself as a self-determining individual, then face will preserve his image with others. If someone sees his main identification as a group member, then considerations about face includes this group. Direct confrontation or problem solving with other people may reflect poorly on his group or can hamper the overall community harmony. Non verbal communication is significant while communicating with others. According to Pekerti and Thomas, (2015), non verbal communication is multiplied across cultures. This is because people tend to look for nonverbal cues in case where verbal message are not clear and ambiguous. Cultures that are low-context like the United States of America and Canada tend to provide relatively less emphasis to non verbal interaction (Myers et al., 2014). It does not mean that non verbal communications never rake place or it is unimportant. However, people in these settings are to place minimum importance on it than on the literal meaning of words themselves. On the other hand, high-context setting such as Japan and Colombia, it is significant to understand nonverbal components to understand the intended meaning of the interaction as a whole. Some elements in nonverbal communication are constant across the culture (Neuliep, 2014). For example, from several studies it was seen that emotions of enj oyment, anger, fear, disgust and surprise are expressed in equal ways by the people around the world. Assertive Communication Style Through direct communication people tend to say what they think. In this type of the communication message is initially conveyed by the words used by the people. The primary goal of communication is to gaining and providing information. In the low-context culture direct communication is seen. Low context culture means those cultures where more emphasis is given on individualism and self-reliance (Pekerti Thomas, 2015). On the other hand in the case of indirect communication, mostly high-context cultures follow it. In this type of communication, any message is not conveyed only using words but also using nonverbal behaviors, implications and understatement. In this type of communication, the overriding objective of interaction is to maintain harmony and saving face. Indirect communication, as mentioned by Ihator, (2015), look to avoid any type of conflict, tension and unwanted situations. In cultures that are high-context and may be homogeneous and tend to highlight interdependence a nd social relationships, people establish deep and sometimes unconscious understandings of what is expected in that culture. As a result of shared anticipation, about behavior, the context can be changed by the speaker to convey more amount of information. Direct Communication Indirect Communication In this type of communication facts and data speak for themselves If a person who is communicating does not have anything to say, he must not say anything. In this form of communication it is said that the squeaky wheel gets the grease. Besides, it is also seen that honesty is the best policy in this type of communication. In this type of communication, the nail that sticks out gets hammered back in (Bochner, 2013). Besides, being polite is extremely important than being honest in this form of communication. In this type of communication process saying no is allowed and not considered as impolite. Saying no in this type of communication is absolutely not allowed. While in indirect communication, it is expected to say may be or possibility, even if someone means no. It is important to say what the person mean. Precisely (Lane, 2016). In this type of communication, interaction must be done at face value. In this type of communication it is not expected that someone will directly express what he wants. Besides, communication must be handled to save face. Time is money in this type of communication. Therefore, in direct communication it is expected that people will get to the point without wasting any time. In this type of communication, small conversations are extremely important to make the environment comfortable. In this type of communication, employees and exhibit their disgrace with their boss. They can directly talk about any issue of problem they are facing. In the case of indirect communication, employees are expected not to criticize anyone, especially against the people of higher authority. The people, who are more direct and assertive in their way of communication, not only manage to get their works done, but also succeed in maximizing employee efficiency rate. Besides, a direct communication style helps in creating a positive workplace free from employee conspiracy and selfishness. Identification of Issues Arising from Diagnosis and Reflection: In the end, it can be concluded that after evaluating the results of five diagnostic tools, it is seen that I have issues related to cross cultural communication and direct-indirect communication. In this paper, the importance of cross cultural communication and is described through literature review. On the other hand, a complete description on direct and indirect communication is also provided in this study. From the literature part, it is clear that both the communication aspects are extremely important for a person to become successful in professional world. Without learning these two skills it is not possible to interact properly in multinational companies. Therefore, it is extremely important to improve these skills through several learning programs. 6 Month Action Plan: Months Action Timeline Success Measure January It is important for me to get rid of the problem of successful cross-cultural communication. Hence, I will enroll myself in a communication development training course that will enrich my vocabulary in foreign language and improve the fluency of the same. 30 days I will have to sit for cross-linguistic knowledge and aptitude tests so as to have an understanding of the level of my learning. I would also try to interact with my friends or colleagues belonging to different ethnic groups, so as to test my multilingual capacities. February I will also enroll myself in a soft skill developing program, so that I can enhance and improve upon my skills of communicating with my colleagues. 10 to 15 days I will interact with my employees or even friends and will ask them to provide me the feedback. I should try to assess and evaluate my mistakes based on these feedbacks. March I will also try to improve my non-verbal skills, as these are highly important while interacting in a foreign set up. Hence, I will attend workshops and seminars that intend to enhance our soft skills, grooming us to use the tight gestures and body languages. 15 days to 20 days I will try to assess my non-verbal skills at the end of the scheduled period, with the help of various self-assessment tools. Besides, I will also try to assess my skills by sitting before the mirror and checking my own style while communication. Self-reflection can largely help in evaluating my skills. April I will also develop my indirect communication skills by enrolling myself in training programs. 10 days After following this objectives, if I being a direct speaker can communicate properly with indirect speaker, then it can be said that I have made improvements. This is how I will evaluate myself here. May Since I am shy while delivering speeches, I will arrange a speech and will ask my friend or father to sit before me and listen while I communicate. This can help to prevent my shyness and social awkwardness while communicating my thoughts. 30 days I will create a response schedule to understand what the listener thinks about me. June I will also regularly follow communication skill videos so as to enhance my fluency and understand the desirable way to communicate. 20 days I will jot down the important points of desirable communication from the videos and then practice the same before the mirror or in presence of an active listener. References Amati, R., Hannawa, A. F. (2014). Relational dialectics theory: Disentangling physician-perceived tensions of end-of-life communication.Health communication,29(10), 962-973. Arnold, E. C., Boggs, K. U. (2015).Interpersonal relationships: Professional communication skills for nurses. Elsevier Health Sciences. Asante, M. K., Miike, Y., Yin, J. (2013).The global intercultural communication reader. Routledge. Baxter, L. A., Norwood, K. M. (2015).Relational dialectics theory. John Wiley Sons, Inc.. Berwick, R. C., Chomsky, N. (2015).Why only us: Language and evolution. MIT press. Bochner, S. (Ed.). (2013).Cultures in contact: Studies in cross-cultural interaction(Vol. 1). Elsevier. Brannen, M. Y., Piekkari, R., Tietze, S. (2014). The multifaceted role of language in international business: Unpacking the forms, functions and features of a critical challenge to MNC theory and performance.Journal of International Business Studies,45(5), 495-507. Danziger, K. (2013).Interpersonal Communication: Pergamon General Psychology Series(Vol. 53). Elsevier. Dragojevic, M., Giles, H. (2014). Language and interpersonal communication: Their intergroup dynamics.Handbook of interpersonal communication, 29-51. Harzing, A. W., Pudelko, M. (2014). Hablas vielleicht un peu la mia language? A comprehensive overview of the role of language differences in headquarterssubsidiary communication.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,25(5), 696-717. Hybels, S. (2014).Communicating effectively. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Ihator, A. S. (2015). Communication style in the information age.Corporate Communications: An International Journal,6(4), 199-204. Lane, S. D. (2016).Interpersonal communication: Competence and contexts. Routledge. Myers, S. A., Goodboy, A. K., Members of COMM 600. (2014). College student learning, motivation, and satisfaction as a function of effective instructor communication behaviors.Southern Communication Journal,79(1), 14-26. Neuliep, J. W. (2014).Intercultural communication: A contextual approach. Sage Publications. OSullivan, P. B., Carr, C. T. (2017). Masspersonal communication: A model bridging the mass-interpersonal divide.New Media Society, 1461444816686104. Pekerti, A. A., Thomas, D. C. (2015). The role of self-concept in cross-cultural communication.International Journal of Cross Cultural Management,15(2), 167-193.

The Iliad Essays - Religion, Greek Mythology, Mythology,

The Iliad The competition for power and ultimate victory is continuous throughout the Iliad. Several characters including gods and men, attempt to assume authority and rule in order to fulfill personal endeavors and obtain self-gratification. However, it is often that by themselves, these strong figures cannot carry out the tasks that they wish to accomplish. Instead, they are quick to manipulate and beg in order to have the job completed by someone else. On both the human and immortal level, individuals constantly need the help of others in their struggle for supremacy. At first, discord arises due to the greed of Agamemnon, yet Achilleus prolongs the problem by holding on to his anger. He acts such as a tantrum-throwing child does when Pallus Athene disallows him from continuing his argument. To prove his point, he has to ask his mother to go to Zeus, and plead for him to help the Trojans so ?that Atreus' son wide-ruling Agamemnon may recognize his madness, that he did no honor to the best of the Achaians? (I, 411-412) Achilleus puts himself above the rest of the Achaians, but does not act 1 accordingly to the position he claims for himself. He forgets that as leader, the consequences of his actions, also affects those whom he holds in his charge, and close to his heart. Furthermore, instead of assuming full responsibility for his situation, Achilleus places part of the load on his mother Thetis, as well as Zeus. In drawing gods into the conflict, Achilleus further complicates the matter. Without the intervention of immortals, the victor of any contest is simply the stronger, more skilled, or perhaps luckier opponent. Once the gods are brought into the field of play, anything can be expected since they are even capable of changing the destinies of men. Hera is one of the first of the gods to exhibit her meddling ways and the capacity to turn the tables. When she plans to seduce Zeus into bed to occupy him so that Poseidon may help the Achaians, Hera enlists the help of Aphrodite and Sleep. Though the concept of helping mortals is good and selfless, there is also much evil in her actions. There are no bounds to how low Hera will stoop to acquire the services she needs to triumph over her husband. In order to gain their help, Hera tells lies to Aphrodite, and bribes Sleep with ?gifts; a lovely throne, imperishable forever, of gold? (XIV, 238-239). Without the help of the other two immortals, Hera would not be able to beguile Zeus though she is the highest of all goddesses. Yet, the daughter of Kronos still puts her unknowing accomplices in danger of Zeus' wrath. Similarly to Achilleus, Hera disregards the well being of those whom she finds herself dependent upon at times. 2 When the Achaians hold their games in honor of Patroklos' death, several of the greatest warriors receive help or unwanted attention from gods watching on. There are times where the best man does not always win such as when Eumelos comes in last in the chariot race. Diomedes wins the race though Phoibos Apollo ?[dashes] the shining whip from his hands? (XXIII, 384), only because Athene reciprocates by smashing the chariot yoke of Eumelos. Though neither Achaian prays to the gods, the two deities choose to interfere by assisting the man they favor. Therefore, the mortals do not always have a choice, since the gods are free to influence whomever they fancy. Some are granted help whether they realize they need it or not. In the case of Odysseus, he knowingly asks Athene to ?be kind; and come with strength for [his] footsteps? (XXIII, 770). Despite his status as one of the most noble and glorious Achaians, Odysseus relies on the aid of a goddess to procure dominance and victory. He is not confident enough to count only on his true abilities. Furthermore, Aias remarks that the goddess who makes him fall in the cow manure is the one ?who has always [stands] over Odysseus like a mother, and [takes] good care of him? (XXIII, 782-783). After supporting Odysseus through many of his struggles, Athene has become somewhat of a maternal figure. A bond thus forms

Social Networking or Social Isolation Essay Example

Social Networking or Social Isolation Essay Example Social Networking or Social Isolation Essay Social Networking or Social Isolation Essay Individuals use of wed-based interactive websites isnt just restricted to social interaction and wikipedia.. The shrewder of Internet users out there can now become globally recognised, a familiar face in the sea of faces, if you like. There are several ways of doing it. The first would be to make a video of yourself and post it on a video hosting website, something which is accessible to millions of people worldwide and nearly always free- therefore a way of getting instant recognition. Like Facebook, this is only a recent phenomenon, but one which is becoming increasingly popular amongst Internet users. The range of videos you can make is seemingly limitless and these so-called video blogs (or vblogs for short) can make stars out of the people who are in them. A famous example is Chris Crocker, a young American kid who defended Britney Spears after she was on the receiving end of worldwide negative press. He became a star overnight; he was interviewed on CNN and ABC, he has been on various American chat shows, and he even has his own line of Leave Britney Alone merchandise. It is ironic, of course, that the unwitting star of this cult video should be interviewed by well-established American news stations- the sign of just how big vlogging has got and an indication that the media pendulum has swung somewhat- suddenly, it is the people who make the second-hand media, the vloggers, that are now stars in their own rights. Surely this is a true symbol of people truly embracing, truly becoming, the media. In one of his interviews he says I actually had no idea that any of this was going on. I went to the grocery store after I posted it, not even five hours afterwards. An old woman in the grocery store said she saw it on (TV). From then it kind of snowballed (4) (Chris Crocker interviewed on MSNBC website).  It took just five hours for this everyday American teen to gain national and global recognition, a clear indication that people have truly embraced the media. Another way of getting fame and fortune via these Web 2.0 applications is sharing music. Napster, a web 1.0 P2P file-sharing website was the first to share website to allow people to share music, but recognised artists were generally the only ones who were shared on a regular basis. Then MySpace came along. Some of the biggest acts of in recent years started off on myspace promoting their music in order to move up the ladder to possible global superstardom. One band who epitomise the MySpace music sharing generation is The Arctic Monkeys, who were just four everyday young lads from Sheffield who started off sharing their music on MySpace. They went on to have the fastest-selling debut album of all-time, largely due to the following they amassed as relative unknowns using the Internet to promote their material. Louis Collard writes:  MySpace represents a huge marketing opportunity for artists, and given the essentially zero cost, this is an avenue available to both signed and unsigned artists. Many well known bands, as well as thousands of lesser known and unsigned artists have a MySpace homepage. (5) (Collard, date unknown, page 3). And what he says is true; MySpace is definitely a huge marketing niche for the average soloist/band, to promote their music to millions of people, for free, and perhaps make it big. That is an opportunity more and more people are going to grasp, as long as MySpace remains free the market is going to widen, because more and more bands will want to exploit the benefits, but the niche will get smaller because there are so many bands about who sound the same. Innovation is the key in this type of technology, if you can release something unheard of, like the social realism of the Arctic Monkeys, then you are half-way to making it; youve just got to promote your work enough and work hard to achieve goals. Is the fact that these Web 2.0 applications are so successful, and so globally utilised, a sign that the motto Dont hate the media, become the media is being employed a lot more, (maybe not as consciously as the Indymedia organisations but probably as much as them) as more people see the benefits of the media, and not the drawbacks? There are, in my opinion, several factors that are benefiting the average person- the fact that these utilities are free, the fact that these utilities can be used and recognised globally and the fact that these utilities are highly interactive make them an ever-popular medium. Finally, after years of living in the producers spotlight, the consumers have a say how things are ran, and the line between producer/publisher is becoming more and more blurry by the day. Paradoxically, the consumer becomes a producer, whilst still remaining a consumer too, when promoting their music on MySpace for example, a clear indication that the line between producer and consumer is sketchy. An IBM report states:  Media consumers, to varying degrees, will be increasingly involved in the creative process. These shifts toward a pervasive media environment will evoke major changes in media and entertainment companies by 2010. Media companies will need new strategies to respond to emerging media experiences and consumption behaviours. (6) (IBM report, various authors, 2004) Even the large companies are acknowledging that there is going to be a gradual change in the future and that the consumer will become increasingly involved in the near future. The trends certainly show no sign of declining, as more and more people gain access to the Internet, and sign up for interactive satellite TV., newer applications will be made available. Who truly knows what lies in store for the media in the future? It is too difficult to envisage what new interactive mediums people will dream of next, but there is no doubt that the next big phenomenon to take the Internet by storm will involve an element of interactivity. Not always made by the people but powered and popularised by them, interactive forms of media are a true sign that people have listened to what Jello Biafra said all those years ago and instead of showing animosity to the media, they have truly became the media themselves. Footnotes: (1) Cyberactivism, Martha McCaughey, Michael D. Ayers, Routledge, 2003, page 60) (2) Nyland, Marvez, Beck, Myspace: Social Networking or Social Isolation?, 2007,gentletyrants.com/wpcontent/uploads/2007/03/Nyland_Myspace%20isolation.pdf, (accessed 17/11/2008) (3) Maness, Library 2.0 Theory: Web 2.0 and Its Implications for Libraries 2006, webology.ir/2006/v3n2/a25.html, (accessed 17/11/08)

Brief Analysis of How EUs Policies Have Influenced the Car Industry Term Paper

Brief Analysis of How EUs Policies Have Influenced the Car Industry - Term Paper Example The car industry is no exception. The policies framed by the political leadership for the car industry are based on the information provided by different stakeholders and the push and pulls are strong and strategic. Hence, such policies have to be balanced so that they do not appear to lean in favor of one stakeholder at the cost of another. The major stakeholders in the car industry viz. the manufacturers, the OEMs, the distributors, society and the environmentalists make their contributions and influence the decision of the policymakers. These contributions and influences do not always coincide and can be quite diverse and even confrontational. For instance, the contributions of car manufacturers and the environmentalists are so diverse that any government will be hard put to frame policies agreeable to both parties. The car industry is stagnating in the United States (US) and the European Union. This industry has shown a rise in developing economies like China, India, Brazil, and Eastern Europe. In the United States and the EU, the survival of the industry depends on innovation, variety and technology fusion (Ahlgrimm, Michael, p3). Customer demands for these are high in the US and the EU. Constant innovation also plays a useful role in higher energy efficiency. There is a sea change in the car market. Until the 1980s, the market was dominated by a few big players who monopolized and were in a position to roll out specific models though user-friendly were not really individualized to suit the requirements of individual customers. This has now changed. There is greater awareness of customer specifics when designing cars of different models. The car market is no more the sellers' market. It is the buyers' market. Sensitivity to customer preferences and tastes rules the industry. The purchasing power coupled with the discernment of the customer decides the unique sales points of the car market. In this scenario, it is not only cost but also the salient features built into the car system that prevails in the market.  

An American painting. Winslow Homer Research Paper

An American painting. Winslow Homer - Research Paper Example The artist had done this painting during the last 10 years of his life, when he was 63 years old. The painting of ‘The Gulf Stream’ was created in 1899 and it was a sort of synopsis of the artist’s own lifetime experiences which were steeped in adversity and combined with the memories and reflections of his life. This was not the only painting of ‘The Gulf Stream’ but he had created two other variants of the same with watercolors. In addition to this he also made a few sketches on the same subject. The artist drew inspiration for this painting from different sources. Since he frequently visited Nassau and Florida, his journey took him through the Gulf Stream and this could have been a source of inspiration to him. Studies show that the painting was based on the two winter trips made by the artist to the Bahamas3 in 1884 – 85 and 1898 – 99. Another source of the artist’s inspiration is believed to have come from ‘Mc Cabe†™s Curse’4 which is a Bahamian story that tells of how a British Captain had been robbed and had to survive a terrible storm. Homer also drew inspiration from his father’s death as he was left lonely and abandoned. Painting Description 4 The painting of ‘The Gulf Stream’ was an oil on canvas painting whose dimensions are 28.1 inches by 49.1 inches (71.5 cm x 124.8 cm) Presently, this painting is housed in the Metropolitan Museum of Art.5 The background of the painting shows a rough and violent seascape and a partially lit sky. The center of the painting shows a small rudderless boat, devoid of mast and sails, bobbing up and down on its dark waters. The solitary figure of a man, battling the waves, with huge hungry sharks all around him stands out against the dark background of water. On the right of the boat in the distance a water spout can be seen rising up into the clouded sky. The actual painting of the rough sea is done with brush strokes of blue an d gray that occurs alternating with scant brush strokes of reddish brown. The entire scene is bathed in a creamy white light depicting either dawn or dusk. In the far away distance is the ghostly outline of a ship, very vague in its form and shape, but unfortunately the ship is not noticed by the man in the boat. There is a sort of aesthetic realism6 that is portrayed in this composition. In as much as the author consciously separates the good and evil elements he portrays them together, showing that both good and evil exists in our midst. The helpless man symbolizes vulnerability and abandonment on one hand, but on the other hand he is shown to be calm and at ease among the sharks in the water. Homer’s 5 underlying meaning could have been one of hope with nothing much to fear and suggests strength of character. There is another area of possible symbolism and that is the ebony cross located on the bow of the boat suggesting impending death and a funeral to follow. The open ha tch also could suggest a sort of tomb or a grave. The ethereal ship shown in the distance could symbolize redemption by making peace with ones self. The artist’s use of line and color is so mature showing his experience on oil and canvas. The lines are smooth and the colors such as the shades of grey, blues and creams blend well against each other giving the whole scene an ominous appearance. The color and contours of the figures gives it a dark mood filled with impending danger. From the exquisiteness of the painting it is clearly understood that Winslow Homer was a highly skilled artist of his time. I really liked the painting for its

Dq 8-Terence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Dq 8-Terence - Essay Example Based on the same, are ethical issues concerned with the efficiency and speed of information systems, especially at the work place (Brown, 2012). Information is one of the strong tools to success. The development of information systems may also involve political and social relations (Hollifield & Habibi, 2011). Electric information systems are now widely used, especially in the workplace. There is need however to guard the privacy and security of the information being transmitted through the information systems, since people may misuse it, or in some cases, the information may affect parties that are not involved significantly (Xu & Quaddus, 2013). Privacy in knowledge worker information systems as well as security is important. The information systems may have information that may be useful to the larger society, or a group of people (Zimmermann, 2011). However, security and privacy are important for the sake of preserving information that may otherwise be harmful if leaked. A knowledge worker such as a scientist for example, may have researched on and stored information in an information system (Salmela & Anna, 2011). The kind of information stored needs security, should an individual want to leak the hard- earned information. There may be hackers who might also illegally obtain information they are not supposed to obtain (Stair & Reynolds, 2013). To address the risk of private information being accessed, a company may consider establishing an electronic database. The database should be designed to access all kinds of information as well as store it. An electronic database may alter the way information is convened. Persons that may be involved require training on how to retrieve and enter the information in digit form. This kind of precaution may ward off several persons, acting as an effective measure (Hollifield & Habibi, 2011). Offshore outsourcing mainly occurs when services and products are procured from

Role of Money in Inequality and Rights

Role of Money in Inequality and Rights Jonathon James Dunn For this essay, I have been asked to describe how two of the module themes help to illustrate the role of money in society. The two themes I have chosen are inequality and rights. The idea of inequality can be applied to the subject of money to give a range of different insights. The presence or absence of inequality can be judged in relation to equality of opportunity, conditions or outcomes. Inequalities take many various forms, such as the ones based on social categories, like class, gender or age. A study by the independent think tank Inequality Briefing provides an explanation regarding the distribution of wealth within the UK. It suggests where the money should be in an ideal world, where we think it should be (based on polls) and where it is. It concludes that the actual distribution figures show that the richest 20% have 60% of all the wealth. This suggests the balance is not as fair as the majority think and emphasises the apparent inequality within UK society. * The theme of inequality and rights can also be shown concerning migrants and the right to education, with the example of the rapidly growing city of Guangzhou, the export capital of southern China. After more than 30 years of domestic migration in China, more than 10 million migrant workers are working in Guangzhou city; they are considered the backbone of Chinas export industry. Guangzhou is one of the four mega cities in China which include Shanghai, Beijing, Guangzhou, and Shenzhen.ÂÂ   In 1978, less than 20% of Chinas population lived in the cities. The growth in Chinas export industry resulted in increased urbanisation, and consequently, millions of people left rural areas ascended to Chinas cities to find employment. This was at a time when the government was looking to convert broad areas of land and employ cheap labour in order to make products and to sell those products to the world. Now for the first time in history, China is a more urban country than a rural one. Desp ite the rapid growth in Guangzhou, a significant question arises; has everyone benefited from it? With Chinas rapid urbanisation driving its growing economy, the enlarging inequalities in the cities have received widespread attention. Evidence suggests, migrants have been made to feel excluded, isolated, and have suffered discrimination while also being blamed for increasing traffic congestion and urban crimes. Many people within the city are urging for reforms towards equality. The growth of Guangzhou encourages, and enables, investigation of the impact that rapid urbanisation and a fast-changing economy has in the social world. Social inequality exists between the wealthy elite and the working poor in megacities such as Guangzhou and in this sense shows some similarities to the Inequality Briefing statistics previously mentioned, regarding the UKs wealth division. Guangzhous rapid development is the result of a mixture of globalisation, the migration of people from the countryside to the city and investment into infrastructure. To achieve this, it had to take on massive debt. The issue of rights and inequality is none more prevalent than when considering migrants who are far poorer on average than those from the City. Of an estimated 14 million people living in Guangzhou, nine million are considered as residents. The Chinese population is categorised as belonging to one of two groups urban or rural under a system called hukou. This system became a way of administering the distribution of state resources and controlling migration within the country in 1958. Under the socialist regime, people were provided with ration cards to buy food and goods at subsidised prices. Those individuals who were not resident in the place where they held their hukou status were not entitled to access these rationing cards. Migrants are only permitted to work in the cities with temporary residence permits and without an urban Hukou. This seemingly archaic system remains in place today. Although movement between the countryside and the city has become much freer, people with no hukou in the place where they live face significant difficulties accessing jobs, education, healthcare and welfare. There are even recent signs that the growth of rural migrant labour is slowing down and despite the increase in the number of migrant workers during the past decade which reached an estimated 274 million in 2014, this growth has declined from 5.5 percent in 2010 to just 1.9 per cent in 2014. * The children of rural migrants are denied access to education in the city and are only entitled to free education in their hometowns. An article in the South China Morning Post suggests Some migrant workers put in 18-hour shifts in sweatshops, others sell vegetables, sweep the streets or labour in construction sites. Often that just brings in 5,000 yuan a month- This means they cannot afford the fees children without hukou must pay to study in the city. When you consider rural migrants have provided the workforce that has enabled the city to grow and prosper are not entitled to the same benefits as those who have lived in the city for all of their lives, a striking example of inequality emerges, especially as Ganzhou has particularly relied on the movement of these people from the countryside to the town. Being a full member of the UN, China are duty bound to guarantee all humans a minimum standard of rights.* It could certainly be argued that children of migrants face unnecessary ha rdship in accessing education, which could be against their human rights. Without a doubt, its been difficult for the government to maintain equity during this growth period. The rising social inequality experienced by Chinese migrant workers in the Guangzhou is worrying. The governments comprise a strategy which should aim to balance economic growth and social equality and consider removing or altering the hukou system. Word count: 937 Wealth inequality in the UKYouTube. (2017). Wealth inequality in the UK. [online] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aOJ93tAbPP0 Chinas migrant workers embrace new opportunities closer to homeEqual Times. (2017). Chinas migrant workers embrace new opportunities closer to home. [online] Available at: https://www.equaltimes.org/china-s-migrant-workers-embrace?lang=en [Accessed 28 Feb. 2017]. Under Article 26.1 of this universal declaration:Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in the elementary and fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory. Technical and professional education shall be made generally available and higher education shall be equally accessible to all on the basis of merit.(UN, [1948] 2015) Migrant workers in Guangzhou hope to give their children a brighter future South China Morning Post. (2015). Migrant workers in Guangzhou hope to give their children a brighter future. [online] Available at: http://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/families/article/1826842/migrant-workers-guangzhou-hope-give-their-children-brighter

Medicinal Value of Yoga Essay -- Health Medicine Exercise

Medicinal Value of Yoga What most Westerners picture when you say Yoga, is an Indian guru in cloth shorts or a long flowing robe, twisted up in a some sort of a pretzel pose. You may picture the Yoga practitioner in peak physical shape, as well as, being a very peaceful human being. It is attaining this goal that is the aim of Yoga, but what most of people don't realize, is exactly how much goes into achieving this state. Yoga time honored teaching on how to achieve physical health, psychological well being and spiritual peace. This can be achieved by concentrating for hours in a state of complete focus, know as meditation. While mediating, the practitioner assumes various body positions known as asanas, that allows for maximum circulation of the body. By quieting the mind and placing attention on the breath and on the movement (and stillness) of the body the idea is to achieve a state of mind where he experiences total health and feeling of well being. The word Yoga as a term, literally means "union", the aim of Yoga is to integrate and harmonize all the various human faculties--mind, emotions, body, and spirit. In India, where it originated, this process of harmonization takes many forms: the yoga of devotion, of meditation, or selfless service, of knowledge and study. Although are advantages and disadvantage to all types of Yoga the scientific community maintains a belief through many years of study that Yoga has definite medicinal value in the maintenance of health and treatment of disease Overall benefits of Yoga The practice of Yoga encompasses many different forms--e.g. Karma, Bhakti, Jnana, Raja, Hatha, Kundalini and Tantra). As Sri Krishna Prem so eloquently stated, Yoga is not a synthesis of a... .../item,45098.asp 7. B. K.S. lyengar, "The Tree of Yoga" 8. http://www.holistic-online.com/Yoga/hol_yoga_pos_intro.htm#Introduction 9. Sahay, Sadasivudu, Yogi, Bhaskaracharyulu, Raju, Madhavi, Reddy, Annapurna, & Murthy, 1982 10. http://www.healingyoga.com/ 11. Monroe, R., A.K. Ghosh, and D. Kalish. 1989. Scientific Studies on Yoga and Meditation, Yoga Biomedical Trust, Cambridge, England. 12. Schell, Allolio, and Schonecke (1994) Scientific Studies on Yoga and Meditation, Yoga Biomedical Trust, Cambridge, England. 13. Wood, 1993, Scientific Studies on Yoga and Meditation Biomedical Trust in Cambridge, England, Yoga Biomedical Trust, Cambridge, England. 14. http://www.chennaiwebsites.com/html/yoga/ 15. Monroe, R., A.K. Ghosh, and D. Kalish. 1989. Yoga Research Bibliography, Scientific Studies on Yoga and Meditation. Yoga Biomedical Trust, Cambridge, England.